It happened on this day, September 12th.

Events:

622 AD – The migration of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, from Mecca to Medina according to the Gregorian calendar.

1683 – The failure of the last Ottoman attempt to conquer the capital of the Austrian Empire, Vienna.

1943 – Nazi German commandos carry out an operation to rescue Italian leader Benito Mussolini from his exile, where he was under house arrest on the Gran Sasso mountain in Italy, and fly him to Munich, where he announces on German radio that he is the sole ruler of Italy. Free French government forces capture the French island of Corsica after expelling Vichy government forces and Nazi German forces.

1944 – Signing of the “London Protocol” which divides Berlin into four sectors, each sector belonging to one of the Allied countries.

1950 – The Belgian government fires all communist government employees from their jobs.

1953 – Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev becomes the first General Secretary of the Communist Party, combining his new position with the presidency of the Soviet Union.

1962 – U.S. President John Kennedy announces that the United States will land on the moon by the end of the decade.

1970 – The first Concorde arrives at London's Heathrow Airport from Toulouse, France, where it was being assembled, on the supersonic aircraft's first flight.

1980 – Military coup in Türkiye led by Kenan Everin.

1994 – First version of the Netscape web browser.

2003 – The United Nations lifts economic sanctions against Libya after it agrees to pay compensation estimated at about $2.7 billion to victims of the Pan Am plane crash.

2005 – Hong Kong Disneyland opens.

2009 – The Tea Movement organizes the Taxpayers March on Washington.

2010 – A referendum is held in Turkey on constitutional amendments proposed by Recep Tayyip Erdogan's government that would reduce control of the military and the judiciary. Turks accept the amendments.

2012 – The General National Congress in Libya elects Mustafa Abu Shagur as Prime Minister after receiving 96 votes, ahead of his rival Mahmoud Jibril, who received 94 votes.

2013 – NASA confirms that the Voyager 1 spacecraft left the outer reaches of the solar system around August 25, 2013 after a 36-year journey and reached the interstellar region, making it the first human-made object to reach that location.

2017 – Apple unveils the iPhone

2018 – Arabic Wikipedia has over 600,000 articles.

2019 – Announcement of the discovery of water vapor in the atmosphere of the exoplanet K2-18b, which is the first discovery of its kind on planets in the habitable zone.

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Births:

1492 – Lorenzo de Medici, ruler of Florence.

1494 – Francis I, King of France.

1565 – Henry Hudson, English explorer.

1852 – Herbert Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

1880 – Henry Louis Mencken, American journalist.

1891 – Arthur Sulzberger, American publisher and journalist.

1897 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935.

1902 – Juscelino Kubitschek, president of Brazil.

1921 – Stanisław Lem, Polish writer.

1930 – Akira Suzuki, Japanese organic chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2010.

1931 – Ian Holm, English actor.

1941 – Ahmed Samir, Egyptian broadcaster.

1946 – Jalila Mahmoud, Egyptian actress.

1949 – Shawqi Abdel Amir, Iraqi poet and diplomat.

1951 – Bertie Ahern, Irish politician.

** Joe Pantoliano, American actor.

1957 – Kazem Al-Saher, Iraqi singer and composer.

1957 – Hans Zimmer, German musician.

1960 – Hussein Al-Sakkaf, Iraqi critic and novelist

1961 – Mylène Farmer, French singer.

1966 – Khaled El Nabawy, Egyptian actor.

** Wafaa Makki, Egyptian actress.

1967 – Jason Statham, English actor.

1969 – Fayez Al-Maliki, Saudi actor.

1973 – Muhammad Al-Shakanqiri, Egyptian actor.

** Paul Walker, American actor.

1974 – Nuno Valiente, Portuguese footballer.

1976: Maciej Zurafski, Polish footballer.

1977 – David Thompson, English footballer.

1980 – Hiroyuki Sawano, Japanese composer.

1981 – Hawar Mulla Muhammad, Iraqi footballer.

1984 – Nashat Akram, Iraqi footballer.

1986 – Emmy Rossum, American actress and singer.

1992 – Raja Belmir, Moroccan singer.

1994 – Rap Monster, South Korean singer.

1999 – Abdullah Al-Hamdan, Saudi footballer.

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Death:

1683 – King Alfonso VI, King of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1764 – Jean-Philippe Rameau, French musician.

1836 – Christian Dietrich Grabe, German writer.

1955 – Muhammad Al-Bazm, Syrian linguist and poet.

1981 – Eugenio Montale, Italian poet who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1975.

1993 – Baligh Hamdi, Egyptian musician.

2003 – Johnny Cash, American singer. Afifa Al-Hosni, Syrian teacher and poet.

2009 – Norman Borlaug, American agricultural engineer who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.

** Rudaina Maala, Syrian swimmer.

2011 – Muhammad Ghani Hikmat, Iraqi sculptor.

2014 – Saleh Al Mahdi, Tunisian composer and musician.

** Atef Ebeid, Egyptian Prime Minister.

**Ahmed Ragab, Egyptian writer and journalist.

2018 – Rachid Taha, Algerian singer.

2021 – Farouk Al-Jamaat, Syrian actor.

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Public holidays and occasions:

⬅️ National Day in Cape Verde.

⬅️ National Revolution Day in Ethiopia.

⬅️ Ethiopian New Year (Inkutatash) if it is a leap year.

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